Supermarket in UK Essay Example

Supermarket in UK Essay The supermarket industry in the UK could be described as an Oligopoly Market. Based on your research into supermarkets in the UK, discuss whether this market structure creates a situation that is more or less to the benefit of consumers. For many students studying abroad, they will go to supermarkets every week. The Supermarkets in the United Kingdom sell many different kinds of products and it is easy to find a large supermarket everywhere. There are four big and famous supermarkets in UK, Tesco, Safeway/Morrison, J Sainsburys and Asda. Wikipedia, 2009a) These four supermarkets have the largest market share in UK so that it makes the supermarket industry in the UK could be expressed an oligopoly Market. (Wikipedia, 2009a)When it is dominated by a few large companies; a big percentage of the market is shared by these companies; there may or may not be perfect knowledge and high barriers to entry, an oligopoly market or industry will exists. It can be argued that customers lose benefit. Oligopoly is one of the market structures. It means there are just a few companies in the market and each company is self-government. Anderton, 2004) One example is the UK supermarket industry. Although there are many smaller companies in the market, there are four main companies (Tesco, Safeway/Morrison, J Sainsburys and Asda). Pricing in an oligopoly is that the firms co-operate to charge the same price and hence create a position similar to a monopoly. (tutor2u, 2007) However, it is different in the UK supermarket industry. The cost of the goods in all the supermarkets will not be almost the same, because the larger supermarkets will have lower overhead costs, (bnet, 2009) so that his four supermarkets are able to charge lower cost than the smaller ones. We will write a custom essay sample on Supermarket in UK specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Supermarket in UK specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Supermarket in UK specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Besides, because of the non-price competition, it is unfair to the small companies. In the imperfectly competition, price is not the most important things. These four companies will decide on a marketing mix which is a mix of components. (Anderton, 2004) At the same time, the kinked demand curve leading to sticky prices and non-price competition. The concept of the kinked demand curve is when a demand curve curl to the prevailing price, an increasing or decreasing in marginal cost will have no effect on the profit maximizing level of quantity or price. The most disadvantages are the abnormal profit and allocative efficiency. Each company wants to make abnormal profit, because it will increase the revenue. [pic](Wikipedia , 2009c) | Grocery market share | |Tesco |27. 1% | |Asda |16. 9% | |Sainsbury |16. 1% | |Morrison/Safeway |12. % | |Total market share |72. 5% | (Oligopolywatch, 2009) |Supermarket |Consumer |Market Share |+/- from | | |Spend (? 000s) |August 2008 |July 2008 | |Tesco |6,351,531 |31. 6% |^ 0. 3% | |Asda |3,410,431 |17. 0% |^ 0. 1% | |Sainsburys |3,175,543 |15. % |^ 0. 1% | |Morrisons/Safeway |2,233,137 |11. 1% |ÐŽ 0. 2% | (Wikipedia, 2009b) One advantage for customers is the ‘price wars’. In a oligopoly market, the price will be change by few companies; however, the firms will compete on price, so that they can become a Price maker and attract a larger market share optimistically. The UK supermarkets show this by having price wars, (guardian. co. uk, 2009) where one supermarket announces a range of pr ice cuts in its products and the others follow. The British supermarket is may be heading to a death match between the two leaders: Tesco and Asda. (Oligopolywatch, 2003) These two biggest supermarkets break out price wars again and again. (guardian. co. uk, 2009) No matter cut down the price of mike (TIMES ONLINE, 2009) or the price of grocery, the finally objective is to own the market share and make the biggest profit. However, these features of price fixing and yet competing on price can be explained by the kinked demand curve theory. Above the market price (P0) the demand curve is elastic. This means that if one firm raised its prices, to P1, it would lead to a fall in total revenue, and so other firms will not follow. Below the market price the demand curve is inelastic, so if a firm lowers its price the others will be forced to follow, leading to Price wars and a loss of revenue all round. The market price is probably reached, because all the companies conspire with each other. In view of the fact that change the price will result in the total revenues, firms do not need to change prices so that the companies can fix a price as they want. It will make them earn the maximum profit in the long run. Other advantages for the customers are international competition, innovate, economic of scale and research and development. In these four actions, oligopoly will give customers benefits which will attract more consumers. In conclusion, there are both advantages and disadvantages of UK supermarket industries for customers. What is the most important is the price. The market structures of oligopoly market affect the price. For the government, the most important things is to prevent oligopoly market and keep the perfect competition. Reference: †¢ Wikipedia (2009a) [Online], Supermarkets in the United Kingdom.

EMERGING MARKETS essays

EMERGING MARKETS essays Abstract: Focuses on the United States government's policy on the Big Emerging Markets (BEM), which include the Chinese Economic Area, South Korea, Indonesia, India, South Africa, Poland, Turkey, Mexico, Brazil and Argentina. BEMs' investment on infrastructure projects; BEM's share of global gross domestic product; Projected increases in world imports; Lessons learned from the BEM strategy. THE BIG EMERGING MARKETS During his tenure as Under Secretary of Commerce, the author was one of the architects of the Clinton administration's Big Emerging Markets policy under Secretary of Commerce Ron Brown. He is now dean of the Yale School of Management. The Clinton policy emerged out of a growing conviction that some ten markets will account for the overwhelming growth potential in world imports, not to mention commensurate growth in economic and political influence around the world. These markets include, in Asianthe Chinese Economic Area (China, Hong Kong and Taiwan), South Korea, Indonesia and India; in AfricaSouth Africa; in Central EuropePoland and Turkey; and in Latin America Mexico,Brazil and Argentina. The administration concluded that, because many of these countries still have important state sectors, and because virtually all are focusing heavily on infrastructure projects that demand the involvement of local governments, U.S. companies need the U.S. government at their side to win a fair hearing. What is more, because of the intensity of foreign competition and the capital demands on these countries, international competitors will be public/private partnerships in which foreign governments provide concessionary financing and aggressive advocacy to support their companies' efforts. During the first year of the Clinton administration, a good deal of analysis was conducted to answer the questions, "If we look toward the next century, where will we f...

Immigrant Law of Labour Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Immigrant Law of Labour Market - Essay Example On the contrary, skilled immigrants pose a considerable threat to the labour market, which ends up in several disadvantages for the host country. Skilled immigrants who can substitute the existing workers in the host country are disadvantageous because they will intensify competition in the labour market and resultantly lessen wages (Lucchino, Rosazza-Bondibene, and Portes). The effects of the decrease of wages will significantly be prejudiced by the level of skill of the immigrants. Although there may be an increase in productivity, an influx of skilful immigrants means that wages will decrease, while less skilled immigrants would not have a considerable effect on the economy. In consequence, an immigrant law is necessary to identify and delineate immigrant workers and their qualifications. The occupational and industrial structure of the labour market may transform owing to the change in the mix of goods and services manufactured in the economy. Labour demand suffers in either way, based on the abilities of the immigrants. Immigrants who are less skilled may force the labour market to adopt strategies that require low-skill labour, while employees that are more skilled will develop a technology-oriented approach in the labour market. Although this may have some rewards, a change in the economy is a risky process that may have negative repercussions on a country. The adoption of different production practices, for instance, labour-intensive or technology intensive determine the way that the labour market will counter economic growth. Although there may be minimal wage differences, it is common for low-waged workers to lose, while high-waged workers stand to gain from immigration (Dustmann, Frattini, and Preston). In essence, this means that the effects on average wages may not be evidently felt, but a section of the labour market that will be largely affected.

Discusstion 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discusstion 8 - Essay Example ential risk for an Autism Spectrum Disorder and the public measures that could assist in the identification of the people at risk, plan health programs and implement preventative measures. Essentially, evaluating environmental factors in concern to risks of autism requires a depth analysis of human and animal aspects, exposures, medical procedures and alimentary influences (Autism Response Team, 2014). Many of the studies base on exploring the relations between disclosures and body encumbrance approximations and autistic consequences; however, neurological progress of humans and animals is also a considerable factor. Largely, exposure to environmental chemicals is a common risk for a number of autism spectrum disorders that have adverse effects that cause variations in the growth of the neurological system and other parts of the human body and normal function. Many learning and development incapacities in humans result from environmental agents and chemicals such as pesticides, solvents, mercury, ethers among others; moreover, they have a straight effect on the evolving nerves of the human system leading to autism and other related disorders. All the same, these agents do not solely cause the autism spectrum disorders but combine with other environmental factors; though, these factors have minimal impact. Furthermore, research shows that even while combined, the chemicals alone do not cause the related effects. Genes also act as a major determinant for the environmental chemicals’ effects especially because of their variations; typically, some of the people exposed to these chemicals have an increased risk to autism than others (Rodriguez 2014). Triggers to autism vary with the state of an environment and individual factors such as the genes hence creating ample challenges on utterly establishing the core causes. Identification, reduction and prevention of a risk are usually the basis of almost every medical risk factor research. Assertively, implementation

Wal-Mart v. Dukes, Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wal-Mart v. Dukes, - Essay Example After numerous legal proceedings, the US court ruled in favor of the firm, an action that caused uproar within the US, thereby having significant impacts to the US business, with its rippling effects resonating for years to come. It is unlawful to mistreat employees based on miscellaneous unjustified features such as gender, race or cultural affiliation. Firms ought to implement policies such as efficiency, and skills in promotion of their employees (Copeland & Labuski, 2013). Additionally, equal prospects in the training of employees are significant. As such, owing to diverse similar cases, impacts on both the employers and the employees are severe. Such instances have adverse effects to employee motivation, thereby reducing their efficiency. I believe that the court ruling was erroneous (Copeland & Labuski, 2013). Besides, owing to the case, the firm may have experienced numerous losses, since the remaining employees may have experienced indirect impacts, owing to the reduction of the workforce. Established firms such as Wal-Mart ought to adhere to the implemented labor laws in their appraisal of employees, thereby eliminating recurrence of such instances. However, the firm may justify itself owing to the misconception that male employees tend to be more efficient. This misconception continues to be irrelevant since numerous female employees continue to prove even more efficient as compared to their male counterparts (Martens, 2012). Additionally, diverse labor unions have continually protested against Wal-Mart Stores, thereby criticizing it over the alleged abuse of the labor laws and accusations of gender and racial discriminations (Copeland & Labuski, 2013). It is also apparent that these women continually underwent dissimilar circumstances such as the low pay owing to their gender (Martens, 2012). Additionally, the promotion of the male employees was critically unjustified. The management Wal-Mart Stores failed to incorporate

The Power Of Media Media Essay

The Power Of Media Media Essay In general, media refers to the tools of mass communication. Media today consists of television, Internet, cinema, newspapers, radio, magazines, direct mail, fax, and the telephone. Viewers can see some form of pictorial representation of messages through certain types of broadcasting and advertising. Images are visual representations, pictures, graphics, and include video, movies. Images are very useful in media to help get across messages effectively. Media images are ubiquitous in modern society. We know this because when we go almost anywhere, for example, drive on the roads, we can see billboards promoting famous brands and the latest products. When we are attracted to advertisements, we may begin to imagine or visualize using it. The media can give us information to tell us what a product, service or message is. In fact, media influence has become so powerful today that they can easily influence people positively and/or negatively. We also live in a society that depends on the media as a source of entertainment and information. Indeed, the media images affect both individuals and society which includes women, men, teenagers and younger children. Today, our life will remain incomplete without media. For example, it provides an easy means of communication where people are able to contact friends and family from another side of the world. At the same time, media like television, radio and the Internet enhance our knowledge by providing access to information from all over the world. We can also receive different types of news or daily events through media, almost instantly, for example, through the Internet. For example, when the video of people protesting on the streets of Cairo in Egypt to change the government in Egypt was broadcast over the Worldwide Web, these images actually influenced more people from other countries to join the street protests in support of the Egyptian protesters. Something similar happened in 2010 in Thailand where the Red Shirts protested in the streets to oppose and change the Thai government. The Thai government then had supporters who wore the Yellow Shirts, and also marched in the streets. These k inds of images when seen on TV, newspapers or the Internet by individuals and society in general, can influence viewers to either support or not support those who are in power. At the same time, media like television enhances our knowledge by providing access to information all over the world. We can also receive different news or daily events through the television. It can also be such a powerful educational tool for the younger generation helping to put them on the right path. For example, Sesame Street is one of the TV programs that has a positive influence among many of the younger generation. They taught kids to communicate effectively, to spell correctly, choose healthy food and have fun with learning. First and foremost, they taught us to communicate with the deaf. It brings out the talents of the people. Television provides a good influence in education by helping to teach right values. Newspapers have a positive influence on society. Newspapers not only give information or the latest news. They also help in the positive linkage between government and the people. As a people in Malaysia, we need to have a greater concern for the economic and political issues of our country, which we can get from newspapers. Newspapers even help to increase knowledge that we cannot get from books. For example, a girl from Malacca killed herself after falling from a building. This news was reported by the Star newspaper. Through the news, we know that she died because she injured her head. If we want to know more about what is happening in the world around us, newspapers are a resource to get the daily information. On the other hand, mass media can at times have a negative influence. Advertisements can be created to convince people to buy or give support for certain products. In addition to advertisements, some messages may have hidden motives. For instance, advertisements may show images of young people enjoying fried chicken, burgers, snacks, and sweet drinks. These advertisements of images can have a powerful influence on the young. The hidden messages behind these advertisements are to persuade the younger generation to buy and to enjoy these types of foods. However, these images do not show or tell viewers that these foods may not be good for their health. Images in the media can have a powerful influence on our behavior. Movies, another form of mass media, today may show violence in one form or another. For instance, younger people may show disrespect or even bully older people. Images of violence somehow influence individuals and especially the younger generation to think that violence is accepted by society when it is not. Movies can also be used to show sexual images. Such images have a powerful influence on the mind and soul of young people. People who watch these images may be influenced to react in a socially unacceptable or even criminal manner. The movie The Tourist, is a romantic movie that shows the relationship between actors Angelina Jolie and Johnny Depp. He acts as a brilliant thief who steals a large sum of money. He is so smart that nobody can identify who he is. At the end of the story, he is not caught and goes free. This show somehow teaches the younger generation that it is right to steal and be smart they think is right. Magazines display visual images that can deeply influence female readers. Young girls and adult women spend time reading magazines partly or mainly because of fashion trends. Most of the models in the magazines are tall, slim and have nice hair. Based on the research from Internet, 70% of women feet insecure after they read the magazines such as Vivi, Mina, Allure, Instyle and Teen Vogue. In this example, women wanted to slim down to look like the model. They will go on diet until they see some result. They will also try to do some medical things that will cause some side effects to their bodies. These types of media images may have a huge impact on society, and may even influence public opinion on how females, especially young girls and women should look. In conclusion, the use of media images can be both positive and negative to the individual or society. In a positive way, media makes our lifestyle easier, for example, we can get to know what is going on out there, locally or globally, within a short space of time. Even though there are so many benefits from media images, we have to be careful not to let them influence us unknowingly. We need to be wise when using the media.

Roland Barthes :: Rhetoric of the Image

Roland Barthes The work of Roland Barthes (1915-80), the cultural theorist and analyst, embraces a wide range of cultural phenomena, including advertising, fashion, food, and wrestling. He focused on cultural phenomena as language systems, and for this reason we might think of him as a structuralist. In these notes, I provide a short profile of this influential figure, together with a synopsis of his seminal essay, "Rhetoric of the Image," a model for semiological analysis of all kinds. * * * * * This cultural theorist and analyst was born in Cherbourg, a port-city northwest of Paris. His parents were Louis Barthes, a naval officer, and Henriette Binger. His father died in 1916, during combat in the North Sea. In 1924, Barthes and his mother moved to Paris, where he attended (1924-30) the Lycee Montaigne. Unfortunately, he spent long periods of his youth in sanatoriums, undergoing treatment for TB. When he recovered, he studied (1935-39) French and the classics at the University of Paris. He was exempted from military service during WW II (he was ill with TB during the period 1941-47). Later, when he wasn't undergoing treatment for TB, he taught at a variety of schools, including the Lycees Voltaire and Carnot. He taught at universities in Rumania (1948-49) and Egypt (1949-50) before he joined (in 1952) the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, where he devoted his time to sociology and lexicology. Barthes' academic career fell into three phases. During the first phase, he concentrated on demystifying the stereotypes of bourgeois culture (as he put it). For example, in Writing degree Zero (1953), Barthes examined the link between writing and biography: he studied the historical conditions of literary language and the difficulty of a modern practice of writing. Committed to language, he argued, the writer is at once caught up in particular discursive orders, the socially instituted forms of writing, a set of signs (a myth) of literature--hence the search for an unmarked language, before the closure of myth, a writing degree zero. During the years 1954-56, Barthes wrote a series of essays for the magazine called Les Lettres nouvelles, in which he exposed a "Mythology of the Month," i.e., he showed how the denotations in the signs of popular culture betray connotations which are themselves "myths" generated by the larger sign system that makes up society. The book which contains these studies of everyday signs--appropriately enough, it is entitled Mythologies (1957)--offers his meditations on many topics, such as striptease, the New Citroen, steak and chips, and so on.

Easter Rising 1916

There can be no doubt that the response of the British government to the Rising contributed measurably to the further alienation of Irish public opinion. On 26th April 1916, it had introduced martial law and next day appointed Major-General Sir John Maxwell as Commander-in-Chief of troops, Ireland. He had full authority to restore order, put down the rebellion, and punished its participants. Maxwell never doubted that its leaders should be court-martialled and those most prominent executed.General Maxwell was also determined that, in order to crush militant nationalism, those who had surrendered with them, and their suspected supporters, should be arrested and their arms seized in a nationwide sweep by soldiers, supported by police. General Maxwell quickly signalled his intention â€Å"to arrest all dangerous Sinn Feiners†(1), including â€Å"those who have taken an active part in the movement although not in the present rebellion†(2), reflecting the popular belief that Sinn Fein, a separatist organisation that was neither militant nor republican, was behind the Rising.In total, the security forces arrested 3,430 men and 79 women and of these 1,841 were sent to England and interned there. Meanwhile, those thought to have organised the insurrection had been held back in Ireland for trial 190 men and 1 woman named Countess Markievicz. In 90 cases the court’s verdict was ‘Death by being shot’. All signatories of the proclamation were executed. The executions started on May 3rd in Kilmainham Jail with the execution of Patrick Pearse was the first to be singled out for execution, he was not allowed to see his mother or brother before his execution, Thomas MacDonagh and Thomas Clarke .The second day is the executions of William Pearse brother of Patrick Pearse, Edward Daly, Michael O'Hanrahan, and Joseph Plunkett whom married Grace Gifford in the prison chapel hours before his execution. On the following day John McBride was executed alone refused to be blindfolded before his execution. Then on May 8th Eamonn Ceannt,  Michael Mallin,  Sean Heuston  and  Conn Colbert were executed. On the last day of execution May 12th Sean MacDiarmada and James Connolly who is tied to a chair due to his broken ankle were executed. Sir Roger Casement was tried in London for high treason and hanged at Pentonville Prison on 3 August.In addition to the 15 executed, 97 others of those tried by court-martial were sentenced to death. Alarmed by the shift taking place in public opinion in Ireland and by the outrage expressed in the House of Commons by members of the Irish Parliament Party, most notably Lawrence Ginnel and John Dillion, Prime Minister Asquith travelled to Dublin on 12 May the day where James Connolly and Sean MacDiarmada were executed, in spite of a telegram from Asquith to General Maxwell saying that there were to be no further executions except under special and exceptional circumstances.Maxwell, presumably, c onsidered that MacDiarmada and Connolly had played such leading roles that they could not be reprieved. There were no further executions, the sentences of the other 97 being commuted to terms of imprisonment. The predictable effect of these measures was to increase public sympathy, both for the rebels and their goals. During May, the police authorities noted even amongst moderate nationalists a growing ‘wave of resentment,’ prompted by the feeling that ‘unnecessary severity had been deployed’.Symptoms of the change in attitudes included the following: the increasing frequency of memorial masses for the executed rebels; the growing sales of photographs of them; the setting up of aid funds for their families; the appearance of songs and ballads celebrating their actions; the ubiquity of republican flags and badges; the sight of young men marching military style at Gaelic football matches, and the shouting of rebel slogans anywhere people gathered anonymously together, such as at railway stations.Moreover, there were ominous signs that militant nationalists were reorganising, reflected in a rise in arms thefts and hardening of attitudes towards the police. The release of many who had been interned after the Rising – far from earning public gratitude – fuelled resentment, as it was seen as providing evidence that the arrests had been made ‘without just cause’. Already in mid-June 1916, Maxwell predicted that in a General Election the moderate nationalist Irish Parliamentary Party would probably be replaced.He was right; in December 1918, it was swept aside by Sinn Fein. Some survivors of the Rising went on to become leaders of the independent Irish state and those who died were venerated by many as martyrs. Their graves in the former military prison of Arbour Hill in Dublin became a national monument and the text of the Proclamation was taught in schools. ‘I and my fellow signatories believe we have struck the first successful blow for Irish freedom. The next blow, which we have no doubt Ireland will strike, will win through. In this belief, we die happy. ‘

Abraham the King

Chapter One1. Explain the significance of the parrot and the mockingbird at the beginning of this chapter.2. Why would Chopin have thought it important to include this detail in her brief mention of the children’s nurse?3. Why would Ponterllier consider his suntanned wife to be a â€Å"damaged piece of property?4. Who is Robert Lebrun?5. What is his relationship with Edna?Chapter Two1. Describe Edna Pontellier.2. What kind of person is Robert Lebrun?3. What shift in point of view is evident in Chapter Two?4. What do you learn about Robert and Edna from their conversation at the end of this chapter?Chapter Three1. How does Leonce’s behavior when he returns from the Klein Hotel reveal his attitude toward his wife?2. What is the first sign that Edna is not completely happy with her life as it is?3. Discuss how sounds are used as a backdrop to the scene of disagreement between Leonce and Enda?4. How do the gifts Edna receives from her husband symbolize her marriage and mos t marriages of this time?Chapter Four1. Describe the unusual nature of the relationship between Edna and her children.2. What is Chopin implying by this description: â€Å"They were women who idolized their children, worshiped their husbands, and esteemed it a holy privilege to efface themselves as individuals and grow wings as ministering angels. †3. Who is Adele Ratingnolle, and how is she the embodiment of the â€Å"mother- woman†?4. How does the fact that Edna is not a Creole affect her relationship with others on Grand Isle?Chapter Five1. How does Robert’s behavior toward Edna fit the pattern of Medieval and Renaissance courtly love?2.What is the difference between Robert’s present attentions to Edna and his past attentions to Adele Ratignolle?3. Compare Edna’s sketching with Adele’s sewing.4. To what tradition is Chopin referring when she has Edna compare Adele to a Madonna?5. What is ironic about the simile?Chapter Six1. What is signi ficant about Edna’s first saying she did not want to go swimming with Robert and then agreeing to go?2. How is the sea used symbolically in this chapter?Chapter Seven1. How are Edna Pontellier and Adele Ratignolle contrasted in this chapter?2. What does the road to the beach symbolize in this chapter?3. What is the significance of the lady in black and the two lovers in this chapter?4. What does the flashback to Edna’s childhood reveal to the reader?5. What do you learn about Edna as a person, given the reasons for her marriage to Leonce?6. â€Å"She grew fond of her husband, realizing with some unaccountable satisfaction that no trace of passion or excessive and fictitious warmth colored her affection,, thereby threatening its dissolution. † How does the narrator’s omniscience reveal Edna’s feelings about marriage and intimate relationships?

The joy of specifics - Emphasis

The joy of specifics The joy of specifics Its always a great feeling of revelation (not to mention vindication) when something you have long suspected or known to be true suddenly pops up and proves itself out in the real world. I found this recently regarding the power of being precise. Now, naturally I have always known that smoking is not a wise habit in terms of ones health hence, I eventually managed to quit. Its effects are difficult to ignore: after all, they are printed on the packet. Difficult, but in some cases not impossible. For example: smoking causes aging of the skin. Hmm. A rather cursory, vague warning this it has the feeling of a meagre afterthought, and one that is quite easy to dismiss. But compare this, which I saw in a skincare clinic: Two cigarettes a day can destroy the entire RDA of vitamin C in your body. Crikey. The details in that are impossible to ignore. It manages to be succinct, specific and surprising in a very real, very vivid way. Id definitely be stubbing out now if I hadnt already.

Disparities in Pain Management in the Emergency Department Research Paper

Disparities in Pain Management in the Emergency Department - Research Paper Example The authors provide an overview from ancient civilizations to the modern theories. The modern theories include Melzack and Wall's Gate Control Theory of Pain. The knowledge in the article Theories of pain: From specificity to the gate, control can be used to understand the character of pain as well as its symptoms that reflect the significant aspects of the entire bodily suffering of the human body. The article provides more information on the manner in which pain functions including its structure and pathways. Acute Pain Management by Warfield CA and Kahn CH The stated research problem of article Acute Pain Management is that there is lack of professional and public awareness of pain management strategies. In addition, Warfield & Khan state that the significance of the problem is that medical professionals, as well as the public, should acquire knowledge on pain management in order to reduce the extent of postoperative pain. The purpose of the study is to investigate the situation o f acute pain management in the United States hospital. Additionally, the article was aimed at assessing the attitudes of adults in America in relation to postoperative pain control. A certain patient that had undergone through surgery believed that he was supposed to feel pain. This perception was contributed to by lack of adequate information on postoperative pain management. If the patient were aware that there are methods that can be used to reduce pain after surgery, he would have agreed to feel the pain.

Event-Related Potential Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Event-Related Potential - Essay Example Often, the executive functions are invoked when it is necessary to override responses that may otherwise be automatically elicited by stimuli in the external environment. It forecasts with a potentially rewarding stimulus, such as a tasty piece of chocolate cake, the automatic response might be to take a bite. The neural mechanisms by which the executive functions are implemented is a topic of ongoing debate in the field of cognitive neuroscience.Experimental psychologists and neuroscientists have discovered many different stimuli. The timing of these responses is thought to provide a measure of the timing of the brain's communication or time of information processing. Due to the consistency of the external response to novel stimuli, a brain-computer interface can be constructed which relies on it by arranging many signals in a grid, randomly STUDIES AND RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT IN EVENT RELATED POTENTIALS The ongoing electroencephalogram (EEG) provides a satisfactory scale for accessing temporal evolution of the brain activity associated with cognitive processes in health and disease. However, momentary changes in brain activity, as reflected in EEG, are rarely exploited due to lack of analytical tools and methodology. The electrodes covering the parietal lobe typically measure the P300 signal most strongly. The presence, magnitude, topography and time of this signal are often used as metrics of cognitive function in decision-making processes. While the neural substrates of this ERP remain hazy, the reproducibility of this signal makes it a common choice for psychological tests in both the clinic and the laboratory. Although the EEG... This essay stresses that the ongoing electroencephalogram (EEG) provides a satisfactory scale for accessing temporal evolution of the brain activity associated with cognitive processes in health and disease. However, momentary changes in brain activity, as reflected in EEG, are rarely exploited due to lack of analytical tools and methodology. The electrodes covering the parietal lobe typically measure the P300 signal most strongly. The presence, magnitude, topography and time of this signal are often used as metrics of cognitive function in decision-making processes. While the neural substrates of this ERP remain hazy, the reproducibility of this signal makes it a common choice for psychological tests in both the clinic and the laboratory. This paper declares that the EEG signal is most strongly acquired around the parietal electrodes, interactions involving the frontal and temporal regions as well as several deep brain loci have been suggested. These components respond individually to different stimuli, and it has been suggested that the P300 originates from stimulus-driven frontal attention mechanisms during task processing. The P300 signal is an aggregate recording from a great many neurons In practice, the P300 waveform must be evoked using a stimulus delivered by one of the sensory modalities. One typical procedure is the 'oddball' paradigm, whereby a target stimulus is presented amongst more frequent standard background stimuli. A distracter stimulus may also be used to ensure that the response is due to the target rather than the change from a background pattern.